PHOTOVOLTAIC
SINGULAR HOUSING FACILITIES AND BUILDINGS
TEACHER: Luke
STUDENT: Gustavo J. Cabrera Déniz
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INDEX
PHOTOVOLTAIC
1. Energy solar.
2. elements of a solar photovoltaic .
3. Applications of PV solar energy.
4. Calculating solar photovoltaic installations.
5. Videos and pages of interest
1. Solar energy.
solar panel.
Solar energy is the energy obtained directly from Sun . The incident solar radiation on Earth can be used, for its ability to heat, or directly through the use of radiation in optical devices or otherwise. is a type of renewable energy and clean, which is known as green energy .
radiation power varies by time of day, weather conditions that and latitude. One can assume that in good conditions of irradiation the value is higher than 1000 W / M² on Earth's surface. This power is known as irradiance .
Radiation is usable in direct and diffuse components, or the sum of both. The direct radiation reaching the solar focus directly, without intermediate reflections or refractions. Fuzzy is issued by the daytime sky thanks to the multiple reflection and refraction phenomena in the solar atmosphere, clouds and other atmospheric and terrestrial elements. Direct radiation can be reflected and concentrated for use, while it is not possible to concentrate the diffused light coming from all directions.
direct normal irradiance (or perpendicular to the sun), outside the atmosphere called the solar constant and has an average value of 1354 W / m² (corresponding to a maximum value at perihelion of 1395 W / m² and a minimum value of 1308 aphelion W / m² .)
Performance
Each system has different performance. Typical of a photovoltaic cell (isolated) polycrystalline silicon hover around 10%. For monocrystalline silicon cells, with values \u200b\u200branging at 15%. The highest achieved with collectors Low temperature solar thermal (which can reach 70% transfer of thermal solar energy).
also solar thermal energy at low temperature, with the newly developed system, around 50% in its first versions. Has the advantage that it can operate 24 hours a day based on stored hot water during daylight hours.
then system Stirling (30-40%). As an added benefit, waste heat can be reused by cogeneration.
The photovoltaic solar panels perform quite low (around 18%) and produce heat that can be reused. However, are very suitable for simple installations on rooftops and self-sufficiency , although its price is very high.
also studied to obtain energy from photosynthesis of algae and plants, with a yield of 3%.
According to the 21 th Study World Energy Council, by 2100 70% of the energy consumed is solar.
Technology and uses of solar energy technologies
Index and the related more general use: passive solar energy
: Harness the sun's heat without the need for mechanisms or mechanical systems.
Solar thermal : To produce low-temperature hot water for sanitary and heating. Solar photovoltaics
: To produce electricity through semiconductors plates excited by solar radiation.
solar thermal energy: to produce electricity with a conventional thermodynamic cycle from a high temperature heated fluid (thermal oil)
Solar Hybrid: combines solar energy with the combustion of biomass , fossil fuels, wind energy or any other energy alternative. Solar wind energy
: Works with air heated by the sun, which rises through a chimney where the generators.
The installation of solar power plants in the areas marked on the map could provide more than the energy currently consumed in the world (assuming a conversion efficiency of 8%), including from heat, electricity , fossil fuels and so forth. The colors indicate the solar radiation average between 1991 and 1993 (three years, calculated on the basis of 24 hours per day and considering the clouds observed by satellites).
Other uses of solar energy and more practical examples of its applications:
Huerta solar thermal power solar , as
which has been operating since 2007 in Sanlúcar la Mayor (Sevilla ) , 11 MWh of power that will deliver a total of 24 GWh
year and the Llanos de Calahorra, near Guadix , 50 MWh of power. In project Andasol I and II.
Water Purification
Kitchen
solar distillation Photosynthesis
Evaporation Drying
Sustainable Architecture
Packaging and energy saving in buildings
Water Heating Domestic Heating Lighting
Air Conditioning Refrigeration Energy
small appliances
↑ 2. Elements of a solar photovoltaic installation.
photovoltaic panels do not give us the values \u200b\u200bof stress response for performing an installation in a dwelling in which the power consumers have usually operating at a voltage of 220V AC that can be adapted to the characteristics of the appliances and other devices that generally will be fed by a photovoltaic system will be necessary to study the composition of a facility of this type .
components of these facilities typically consist of four parts or elements are:
· Panel solar or generator
· Accumulators
· Governors
·
Converter Module photovoltaic or solar panel
In union of several solar cells is called photo-voltaic module or solar panel. They must join several cells order to obtain proper tension, as a single cell can produce LLE-gar usually a single medium voltage volt.
The bonding process is done automatically, and it is connect by joining the back of a cell with the adjacent front and so on.
The panel structure will sandwich with a glass layer, another vinyl acetate, cells, another layer of organic substrate and finally another set of layers of glass. He subsequently made the sandwich a vacuum close to the furnaces used to stop the whole sealed.
for solar panels and silicon joints with-connection of cells in series, the voltage values \u200b\u200bfor cell numbers are about the following figures, although the improvement in manufacturing today can be that in time these values \u200b\u200bare obsolete. VOLTAGES
CELL NUMBER
12 36 72
24 48 144
Depending on the needs of the future installation of consuming it, need a number of panels, of a certain type and electrical characteristics with trade policies. For all this to be implemented with a correct final performance, we know that among the options solar panels that give the manufacturers, the installer of the circuit designer can play with the market values \u200b\u200band the proper connections for the voltage and current required.
The possible connections between solar panels are endless but always playing with the types of connections known as always: serial, parallel or mixed.
To understand a little better this paragraph, we slotted a small example. Suppose
needed for a particular instal-lation already defined, an output voltage of the solar panels of 24 V and an output current of 5 A. To build the panel group is used 12V PV modules and 2 A. The final connection is the one in Figure 1.
Physical installation of solar panels should be the logical-tion for the Sun, is facing south (if in the northern hemisphere) and an inclination that can match the latitude of the place or city want to install.
Solar energy is the energy obtained directly from Sun . The incident solar radiation on Earth can be used, for its ability to heat, or directly through the use of radiation in optical devices or otherwise. is a type of renewable energy and clean, which is known as green energy .
radiation power varies by time of day, weather conditions that and latitude. One can assume that in good conditions of irradiation the value is higher than 1000 W / M² on Earth's surface. This power is known as irradiance .
Radiation is usable in direct and diffuse components, or the sum of both. The direct radiation reaching the solar focus directly, without intermediate reflections or refractions. Fuzzy is issued by the daytime sky thanks to the multiple reflection and refraction phenomena in the solar atmosphere, clouds and other atmospheric and terrestrial elements. Direct radiation can be reflected and concentrated for use, while it is not possible to concentrate the diffused light coming from all directions.
direct normal irradiance (or perpendicular to the sun), outside the atmosphere called the solar constant and has an average value of 1354 W / m² (corresponding to a maximum value at perihelion of 1395 W / m² and a minimum value of 1308 aphelion W / m² .)
Performance
Each system has different performance. Typical of a photovoltaic cell (isolated) polycrystalline silicon hover around 10%. For monocrystalline silicon cells, with values \u200b\u200branging at 15%. The highest achieved with collectors Low temperature solar thermal (which can reach 70% transfer of thermal solar energy).
also solar thermal energy at low temperature, with the newly developed system, around 50% in its first versions. Has the advantage that it can operate 24 hours a day based on stored hot water during daylight hours.
then system Stirling (30-40%). As an added benefit, waste heat can be reused by cogeneration.
The photovoltaic solar panels perform quite low (around 18%) and produce heat that can be reused. However, are very suitable for simple installations on rooftops and self-sufficiency , although its price is very high.
also studied to obtain energy from photosynthesis of algae and plants, with a yield of 3%.
According to the 21 th Study World Energy Council, by 2100 70% of the energy consumed is solar.
Technology and uses of solar energy technologies
Index and the related more general use: passive solar energy
: Harness the sun's heat without the need for mechanisms or mechanical systems.
Solar thermal : To produce low-temperature hot water for sanitary and heating. Solar photovoltaics
: To produce electricity through semiconductors plates excited by solar radiation.
solar thermal energy: to produce electricity with a conventional thermodynamic cycle from a high temperature heated fluid (thermal oil)
Solar Hybrid: combines solar energy with the combustion of biomass , fossil fuels, wind energy or any other energy alternative. Solar wind energy
: Works with air heated by the sun, which rises through a chimney where the generators.
The installation of solar power plants in the areas marked on the map could provide more than the energy currently consumed in the world (assuming a conversion efficiency of 8%), including from heat, electricity , fossil fuels and so forth. The colors indicate the solar radiation average between 1991 and 1993 (three years, calculated on the basis of 24 hours per day and considering the clouds observed by satellites).
Other uses of solar energy and more practical examples of its applications:
Huerta solar thermal power solar , as
which has been operating since 2007 in Sanlúcar la Mayor (Sevilla ) , 11 MWh of power that will deliver a total of 24 GWh
year and the Llanos de Calahorra, near Guadix , 50 MWh of power. In project Andasol I and II.
Water Purification
Kitchen
solar distillation Photosynthesis
Evaporation Drying
Sustainable Architecture
Packaging and energy saving in buildings
Water Heating Domestic Heating Lighting
Air Conditioning Refrigeration Energy
small appliances
↑ 2. Elements of a solar photovoltaic installation.
photovoltaic panels do not give us the values \u200b\u200bof stress response for performing an installation in a dwelling in which the power consumers have usually operating at a voltage of 220V AC that can be adapted to the characteristics of the appliances and other devices that generally will be fed by a photovoltaic system will be necessary to study the composition of a facility of this type .
components of these facilities typically consist of four parts or elements are:
· Panel solar or generator
· Accumulators
· Governors
·
Converter Module photovoltaic or solar panel
In union of several solar cells is called photo-voltaic module or solar panel. They must join several cells order to obtain proper tension, as a single cell can produce LLE-gar usually a single medium voltage volt.
The bonding process is done automatically, and it is connect by joining the back of a cell with the adjacent front and so on.
The panel structure will sandwich with a glass layer, another vinyl acetate, cells, another layer of organic substrate and finally another set of layers of glass. He subsequently made the sandwich a vacuum close to the furnaces used to stop the whole sealed.
for solar panels and silicon joints with-connection of cells in series, the voltage values \u200b\u200bfor cell numbers are about the following figures, although the improvement in manufacturing today can be that in time these values \u200b\u200bare obsolete. VOLTAGES
CELL NUMBER
12 36 72
24 48 144
Depending on the needs of the future installation of consuming it, need a number of panels, of a certain type and electrical characteristics with trade policies. For all this to be implemented with a correct final performance, we know that among the options solar panels that give the manufacturers, the installer of the circuit designer can play with the market values \u200b\u200band the proper connections for the voltage and current required.
The possible connections between solar panels are endless but always playing with the types of connections known as always: serial, parallel or mixed.
To understand a little better this paragraph, we slotted a small example. Suppose
needed for a particular instal-lation already defined, an output voltage of the solar panels of 24 V and an output current of 5 A. To build the panel group is used 12V PV modules and 2 A. The final connection is the one in Figure 1.
Physical installation of solar panels should be the logical-tion for the Sun, is facing south (if in the northern hemisphere) and an inclination that can match the latitude of the place or city want to install.
Accumulator
As there are always going to consume energy directly from solar panels will I need as we make consumption during peak hours solar radiation, and at night, we have an energy storage system, these devices are battery accumulation.
The batteries are mainly composed of unions of two compounds (generally lead-acid). They are built in modules called vessels, in which we have the two electrodes, positive and negative.
Each of these vessels can reach to 2 V, which re-Quie said that to get 12 V should be made up of 6 cups serial connection (Figure 2).
The amount of energy a battery can store depends on its ability to be measured in A / h, amp-hours (-a Battery 100 A / h can provide 1 A for 100 hours, if a yield of 100% - or 2 nd for 50 hours, or 5 th for 20 hours, etc).
Each vessel of the battery or accumulator (Figure 3 ) consists of a series of lead plates or electrodes. The anode is formed by layers of lead dioxide and the cathode is composed of lead, all separated by a solution of 20% sulfuric acid, called electrolyte.
In charging, the battery receives a voltage generator (in this case the solar panels), and force the passage of a current inside the battery. As a result, the lead sulfate recombines with water, releasing lead and lead oxide and returning to the original sulfuric acid electrolyte. The download
, chemical reactions provide electrons to the negative and positive consumed in order to maintain the potential difference at its ends. (Figure 4).
Now is when the lead and lead oxide are two attacks, sulfuric acid, lead sulfate and getting water. Where the quantities are so low sulfuric acid and sulfate so high that comes to cover the electrodes, is when people say that the battery is discharged.
Battery manufacturers provide us and other data on the percentage of life useful products.
It should be noted that for the life of one of these batteries is the longest possible has to take into account the working mode thereof. As a matter of interest can be said that successive discharges at a rate of 70 to 80% capacity are better for the battery if the download was only 25 or 40%.
Another feature that should be taken into consideration for the perfect maintenance of the batteries is the self of the same and that manufacturers self-contempt expressed as monthly charge.
A final caution to consider is the freezing point of the electrolyte. The batteries manufac-ed often to work at temperatures between 0 and 300 º C. If work-ing places are very cold the battery capacity is reduced and therefore ce must adjust the precincts of the batteries to be within the range of temperature allowed by the manufacturer and avoid the point freezing of the electrolyte.
Both for this reason and for others, such as the scarcity of these elements, calculate the number of accumulation-ers to be placed in a facility, or the skills needed depending on consumption and hours of low radiation mainly.
Features batteries and their work will also depend on the type of material they are made, as an example we see the basic features of the two most commonly used types of batteries. Self-discharge
EFFICIENCY TYPE
Download
LEAD-CALCIUM TOLERABLE
1 to 3% 90% 25%
NICKEL-CADMIUM
1 to 2% 90% 80%
charge regulator
This element has three basic functions:
-Avoid overloading the battery can cause damage.
-Prevents battery discharge during periods of sunlight
Enough.
-Ensure system performance at the point of maximum
effectiveness.
This device (Figure 5) maintains a constant supply voltage-tion of the circuit and battery charging, thereby ensuring the proper functioning of the installation. For this it uses electronic circuits (comparators and regulated-voltage electronic res) that control the passage of electrical currents you the overall installation.
There are two types of regulators: the parallel or shunt, and series. The most commonly used are the shunt, reserving the series for larger installations.
The most common connection of the controller is represented in Figure 6.
, chemical reactions provide electrons to the negative and positive consumed in order to maintain the potential difference at its ends. (Figure 4).
Now is when the lead and lead oxide are two attacks, sulfuric acid, lead sulfate and getting water. Where the quantities are so low sulfuric acid and sulfate so high that comes to cover the electrodes, is when people say that the battery is discharged.
Battery manufacturers provide us and other data on the percentage of life useful products.
It should be noted that for the life of one of these batteries is the longest possible has to take into account the working mode thereof. As a matter of interest can be said that successive discharges at a rate of 70 to 80% capacity are better for the battery if the download was only 25 or 40%.
Another feature that should be taken into consideration for the perfect maintenance of the batteries is the self of the same and that manufacturers self-contempt expressed as monthly charge.
A final caution to consider is the freezing point of the electrolyte. The batteries manufac-ed often to work at temperatures between 0 and 300 º C. If work-ing places are very cold the battery capacity is reduced and therefore ce must adjust the precincts of the batteries to be within the range of temperature allowed by the manufacturer and avoid the point freezing of the electrolyte.
Both for this reason and for others, such as the scarcity of these elements, calculate the number of accumulation-ers to be placed in a facility, or the skills needed depending on consumption and hours of low radiation mainly.
Features batteries and their work will also depend on the type of material they are made, as an example we see the basic features of the two most commonly used types of batteries. Self-discharge
EFFICIENCY TYPE
Download
LEAD-CALCIUM TOLERABLE
1 to 3% 90% 25%
NICKEL-CADMIUM
1 to 2% 90% 80%
charge regulator
This element has three basic functions:
-Avoid overloading the battery can cause damage.
-Prevents battery discharge during periods of sunlight
Enough.
-Ensure system performance at the point of maximum
effectiveness.
This device (Figure 5) maintains a constant supply voltage-tion of the circuit and battery charging, thereby ensuring the proper functioning of the installation. For this it uses electronic circuits (comparators and regulated-voltage electronic res) that control the passage of electrical currents you the overall installation.
There are two types of regulators: the parallel or shunt, and series. The most commonly used are the shunt, reserving the series for larger installations.
The most common connection of the controller is represented in Figure 6.
Converter 
devices are capable of altering the voltage and current characteristics of the receiving, converting it to appropriate for applications needed. There are different types of converters, dc / dc, ac / dc, ac / ac, dc / ac.
The facilities used in photovoltaic energy must be one that converts DC power from the solar energy equipment accepted by end users. In the case of a home would be the Voltage AC precise, 220 V (cc / ca). Convert the voltage of 24 V DC to 220 V AC.
devices are capable of altering the voltage and current characteristics of the receiving, converting it to appropriate for applications needed. There are different types of converters, dc / dc, ac / dc, ac / ac, dc / ac.
The facilities used in photovoltaic energy must be one that converts DC power from the solar energy equipment accepted by end users. In the case of a home would be the Voltage AC precise, 220 V (cc / ca). Convert the voltage of 24 V DC to 220 V AC.
have a great advantage over facilities tension commercial alternatives, is that the output voltage is estab- ; ble, thus benefiting the current consumption.
are built from the four-electronic circuits will be powered continuously and generate an oscillation in the voltage to a dc voltage and frequency value according to the manufacturer's desire. In our case of 220 V and 50 Hz as well as in the waveform signal generated sine wave, four-Andrade. etc.
In today's computers is included in the controller itself called blocking diode.
This device is preventing solar radiation in the absence of the energy stored in the batteries back to be consumed by the solar panels. In short, this is a group of semiconductor diodes polarized.
As important note to consider when making the instal-lation, maintenance or repairs on one of these teams, we say that the first thing to connect and disconnect the latest, whether the batteries, thus avoid serious damage to the rest of the team or consumers.
Other issues to consider are the check-tion of polarization of both the panels and the battery, regulator, etc., And check the proper look-ventilation of the premises shall be located where the battery or batteries to prevent possible explosions due to gases emitted. ↑
3. Applications of PV solar energy.
http://www.soliclima.com/fotovoltaica.html
http://www.raelec.es/espanol/acs_c.htm
http://www.enbuenasmanos.com/ articles / muestra.asp? art = 1558
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/EnergÃ-a_solar_fotovoltaica
↑
4. Calculating solar photovoltaic installations.
http://www.cte-solar.es/aplicaciones.php
http://es.wikibooks.org/wiki/Manual_completo_sobre_instalaciones_electrotecnicas/Instalaciones_de_energia_solar_fotovoltaica_1
↑ 1. Videos and pages of interest
http://www.energia.inf.cu/iee-mep/renovabl.htm
http://www.conae.gob.mx/wb/CONAE/CONA_24_energias_renovables
http://www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=38822
http://www.educa.madrid.org/web/ies.rayuela.mostoles/documentos/departamentos/ProgFq03EsoEN.pdf
http://es.youtube.com/watch?v=j9S5eHtj7HI&feature=related
http://www.energias-renovables.com/paginas/SeccionesEnlace.asp?ID=16&Nombre=Biocarburantes
http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1953712,00.html
http://renovables.iespana.es/
http://www.tu.tv/videos/documental-energia-geotermica
http://www.tu.tv/videos/energias-renovables-biomas
http://articulo.mercadolibre.com.co/MCO-4970207-60-cursos-energia-renovable-solar-eolicavideosoft-instalar-_JM
http://videos.diariovasco.com/informaciondecontenido.php?con=423
http://www.ecovideos.info/ecovideos/index.php?index=10
http://lasrenovables.blogspot.com/2007/04/vdeo-sobre-clulas-fotovoltaicas.html
http://fuentesrenovables.blogspot.com/search/label/Videos
http://saecsaenergiasolar.com/renovables/
http://www.masoportunidades.clarin.com/aviso/2849963-pack-60-cursos-energia-solar-eolica-renovables-video
http://www.peruenvideos.com/congreso-debatio-la -promotion-of-generation-of-energy-renewable /
http://lasfuentesdeenergia.blogspot.com/
http://www.europapress.es/00204/20080204155855/energias-renovables-emplean , 188,000-worker-spain-82-are-indefinidos.html
http://www.telefonica.net/web2/joseanmarvaz/Contenidos% 20RENO/Practica.html VERY INTERESTING
http://lasrenovables . blogspot.com /
http://blog.yaaqui.com/energia-renovable-a-partir-de-desechos-humanos_articulo_82_12665.html
http://www.gstriatum.com/energiasolar/videos/05_avion_energiasolar.html
http://www.iberdrolarenovables.es/wcren/corporativa/iberdrola?IDPAG=ESRENTELEVISION&codCache=119830536007768
