solar panel.
Solar energy is the energy
obtained directly from Sun .
The incident solar radiation on Earth can be used, for its ability to heat, or directly through the use of radiation in optical devices or otherwise.
is a type of renewable energy and clean, which is known as green energy
.
radiation power varies by time of day, weather conditions that and latitude. One can assume that in good conditions of irradiation the value is higher than 1000 W
/ M²
on Earth's surface. This power is known as irradiance
.
Radiation is usable in direct and diffuse components, or the sum of both. The direct radiation reaching the solar focus directly, without intermediate reflections or refractions. Fuzzy is issued by the daytime sky thanks to the multiple reflection and refraction phenomena in the solar atmosphere, clouds and other atmospheric and terrestrial elements. Direct radiation can be reflected and concentrated for use, while it is not possible to concentrate the diffused light coming from all directions.
direct normal irradiance (or perpendicular to the sun), outside the atmosphere called the solar constant
and has an average value of 1354
W / m²
(corresponding to a maximum value at perihelion
of 1395 W
/
m² and a minimum value of 1308
aphelion W / m²
.)
Performance
Each system has different performance. Typical of a photovoltaic cell (isolated) polycrystalline silicon hover around 10%. For monocrystalline silicon cells, with values \u200b\u200branging at 15%. The highest achieved with collectors Low temperature solar thermal (which can reach 70% transfer of thermal solar energy).
also solar thermal energy at low temperature, with the newly developed system, around 50% in its first versions. Has the advantage that it can operate 24 hours a day based on stored hot water during daylight hours.
then
system Stirling (30-40%). As an added benefit, waste heat can be reused by
cogeneration.
The
photovoltaic solar panels perform quite low (around 18%) and produce heat that can be reused. However, are very suitable for simple installations on rooftops and self-sufficiency
, although its price is very high.
also studied to obtain energy from photosynthesis
of algae and plants, with a yield of 3%.
According to the 21 th Study
World Energy Council, by 2100 70% of the energy consumed is solar.
Technology and uses of solar energy technologies
Index and the related more general use: passive solar energy
: Harness the sun's heat without the need for mechanisms or mechanical systems.
Solar thermal
: To produce low-temperature hot water for sanitary and heating. Solar photovoltaics
: To produce electricity through semiconductors plates excited by solar radiation.
solar thermal energy: to produce electricity with a conventional thermodynamic cycle from a high temperature heated fluid (thermal oil)
Solar Hybrid: combines solar energy with the combustion of biomass
,
fossil fuels, wind energy
or any other energy alternative. Solar wind energy
: Works with air heated by the sun, which rises through a chimney where the generators.
The installation of solar power plants in the areas marked on the map could provide more than the energy currently consumed in the world (assuming a conversion efficiency of 8%), including from
heat, electricity
,
fossil fuels and so forth. The colors indicate the solar radiation
average between 1991 and 1993 (three years, calculated on the basis of 24 hours per day and considering the clouds observed by satellites).
Other uses of solar energy and more practical examples of its applications:
Huerta solar thermal power solar
, as
which has been operating since 2007 in
Sanlúcar la Mayor (Sevilla
) , 11
MWh of power that will deliver a total of 24 GWh
year and the Llanos de Calahorra, near Guadix
, 50
MWh of power. In project Andasol I and II.
Water Purification
Kitchen solar distillation Photosynthesis
Evaporation Drying
Sustainable Architecture Packaging and energy saving in buildings
Water Heating Domestic Heating Lighting
Air Conditioning Refrigeration Energy
small appliances
↑ 2.
Elements of a solar photovoltaic installation. photovoltaic panels do not give us the values \u200b\u200bof stress response for performing an installation in a dwelling in which the power consumers have usually operating at a voltage of 220V AC that can be adapted to the characteristics of the appliances and other devices that generally will be fed by a photovoltaic system will be necessary to study the composition of a facility of this type .
components of these facilities typically consist of four parts or elements are:
· Panel solar or generator
· Accumulators
· Governors
·
Converter Module photovoltaic or solar panel
In union of several solar cells is called photo-voltaic module or solar panel. They must join several cells order to obtain proper tension, as a single cell can produce LLE-gar usually a single medium voltage volt.
The bonding process is done automatically, and it is connect by joining the back of a cell with the adjacent front and so on.
The panel structure will sandwich with a glass layer, another vinyl acetate, cells, another layer of organic substrate and finally another set of layers of glass. He subsequently made the sandwich a vacuum close to the furnaces used to stop the whole sealed.
for solar panels and silicon joints with-connection of cells in series, the voltage values \u200b\u200bfor cell numbers are about the following figures, although the improvement in manufacturing today can be that in time these values \u200b\u200bare obsolete. VOLTAGES
CELL NUMBER
12 36 72
24 48 144
Depending on the needs of the future installation of consuming it, need a number of panels, of a certain type and electrical characteristics with trade policies. For all this to be implemented with a correct final performance, we know that among the options solar panels that give the manufacturers, the installer of the circuit designer can play with the market values \u200b\u200band the proper connections for the voltage and current required.
The possible connections between solar panels are endless but always playing with the types of connections known as always: serial, parallel or mixed.
To understand a little better this paragraph, we slotted a small example. Suppose
needed for a particular instal-lation already defined, an output voltage of the solar panels of 24 V and an output current of 5 A. To build the panel group is used 12V PV modules and 2 A. The final connection is the one in Figure 1.
Physical installation of solar panels should be the logical-tion for the Sun, is facing south (if in the northern hemisphere) and an inclination that can match the latitude of the place or city want to install.
Each vessel of the battery or accumulator (Figure 3 ) consists of a series of lead plates or electrodes. The anode is formed by layers of lead dioxide and the cathode is composed of lead, all separated by a solution of 20% sulfuric acid, called electrolyte.
